Climate change and volcanic eruptions
The largest volcanic eruptions on earth (often popularly called supereruptions) are capable of causing a prolonged drop in global temperatures.
The eruptions eject aerosols and dust into the stratosphere, which can blanket the earth and block out sunlight.
Supereruptions occur on average about once every 50,000 years. Even smaller eruptions can cause volcanic winters. An eruption from Rabaul volcano in Papua New Guinea (536 AD) caused a dry fog over Europe, Middle East, and China, which reduced temperatures.
Super volcanoes are possible linked to mass extinction on earth. One hypothesis is that eruption of the Deccan Traps lava in India 65 million years ago was responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs.